After the Second World War, global differences were accentuated by diverging trajectories of development and growth. A “Third World” emerged and the momentous question of a “Fourth World”, that was becoming less and less invisible, presented itself.

1948, Constitution of the Italian Republic

On January 1, 1948, the Constitution of the Italian Republic came into force. Composed of 139 articles, it governs the fundamental principles, rights and duties of citizens. The document is a fundamental law for the Italian State and represents its democratic foundations.

1948, the charter of human rights

On 10th December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The document was created as a tool for safeguarding the fundamental rights and dignity of each individual without distinction of race, colour, sex, language, religion, nationality, wealth or social condition.

1953, the discovery of DNA

Biologist James Watson and biophysicist Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA and its replication mechanism in 1953. It was a fundamental discovery, which earned them the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1962, and is the basis of a long series of studies in the field of genetics that continue today.

1953, First ascent of Everest

On 29th May 1953, New Zealand mountaineer Edmund Hillary and Nepalese sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Everest, the highest mountain on earth, in the Himalayas, on the border between China and Nepal. On the summit, Hillary planted a cross in the snow, while Tenzing left biscuits as a thanksgiving to the gods.

1954, the first RAI broadcast

On Sunday 3rd January 1954, the first Italian RAI-TV and radio programme was broadcast in Italy, entitled “Arrivals and departures”, hosted by Mike Bongiorno. There were 170,000 televisions sold that year; in 1958 there were almost a million.

1955, Rosa Park

In 1955 Rosa Park, a black woman who lived in Alabama, in the United States, refused to give up her seat on a public bus reserved for white people. The driver stopped the vehicle, called the police and Rosa Park was arrested. Dozens of activist associations mobilized immediately to protest. After this episode, which immediately had a wide effect, Rosa Park became the symbolic figure of the civil rights movement in America and the world.

1955, the consumer society

On August 1, 1955, the concept of a “use and throw” society (Throwaway living) was advertised for the first time in Life Magazine. In the article, which used a particularly expressive image, the interest of society in disposable objects was cited because they saved time in household chores.

1962, the Second Vatican Council

The Second Vatican Council took place from 1962 to 1965 during the pontificates of John XXIII and Paul VI. In the history of the Church it marked a time of significant renewal and openness to the world. The Council addressed doctrinal and pastoral aspects, redefining ecclesiology (with reform and new perspectives in the liturgy, in new models of evangelisation, in ecumenism and interreligious dialogue). The Church established a new relationship with the world, placing itself at the service of humanity.

1963, Martin Luther King

“I have a dream, that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin, but by the content of their character”. It was one of the most famous speeches of the 20th century. It was given by Martin Luther King Jr on August 28, 1963 before a crowd of three hundred thousand demonstrators. The movement in favour of the civil rights of African Americans was struggling to build a freer and fairer society through the practice of non-violence.

1965, US intervention in Vietnam

The United States of America officially intervened in the conflict between North and South Vietnam (alongside the latter), with massive bombardments and the sending of troops. The conflict lasted ten years. It was a symbol of the division of the world into opposing blocs and of the difficulties inherent in starting processes of detente and peace. The war became a topic of debate throughout the world that influenced the explosion of student protests and the great social conflicts at the end of the 1960s.

1966, the floods

In November 1966 Italy was brought to its knees by an exceptional period of bad weather. Floods hit cities like Florence, Venice and Trent. Rain and mud caused hundreds of deaths and serious damage to these areas. The population was mobilized immediately. For example, in Florence young people from Italy and from all over the world came to help: they were called the “angels of mud”.

1968, youth protests

A dispute started in university lecture halls that in a short time involved the whole of society. It was a global event, a push for change that saw young people and movements for civil rights, pacifism and social equality in the front line. From the United States to Eastern Europe, from China to Vietnam, from Latin America to the Vatican City, from Berlin to Paris, passing through Trent as well: it was a geography of events that seemed to “talk” to each other despite their diversity.

1969, Moon landing

On July 21, 1969, US astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Buzz Aldrin set foot on the moon. They were the first, after numerous attempts made in previous years. The “conquest” of the Moon changed the history of humanity, not only that of great explorations and technological advances, but also that of the horizons of thought.

1971, Imagine John Lennon

In 1971 John Lennon wrote “Imagine”. Created together with Yoko Ono, his partner, it became the symbolic song of pacifist ideals in the following decades and one of the most influential pieces of music of all time.

1973, the oil crisis

In 1973 the price of petroleum and its derivatives rose sharply. The oil crisis marked a setback to the growth that had characterised the West in previous decades. Subsequently, a series of measures were launched to promote energy saving. From that year the word “austerity” entered the vocabulary of many of many industrialised countries.

1978, the assassination of Aldo Moro

On 9th May 1978 the lifeless body of the Honourable Aldo Moro, president of the Christian Democrats, was found in Via Caetani in Rome. Moro was killed by the Red Brigade 55 days after being kidnapped. The atrocity represented one of the most dramatic events of the social and political turmoil described as the Years of Lead.

1980, Solidarnosc

In 1980, the Independent Self-governing Trade Union, Solidarity, was founded in Communist Poland. The movement began, characterised by Christian inspiration and supported politically by the Church, following strikes by workers at the Gdansk shipyards. Shortly after its foundation it was outlawed by the regime and forced into hiding.

1982, World Champions

On the evening of 11th June 1982, Rossi, Tardelli and Altobelli scored three goals against Germany in the Santiago Bernabéu stadium in front of nearly 100,000 spectators. 90 minutes was enough to make history: Italy was world champion.

1986, Chernobyl

On April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear power station exploded in Ukraine. 31 people died. A toxic cloud spread across many areas of Europe in the following days and necessitated the evacuation of 116,000 inhabitants within a 30 km radius, one fifth of whom had absorbed radiation doses that caused serious illnesses. After more than 30 years, it still represents one of the most serious nuclear disasters of all time.

1988, Mulieris dignitatem

On 15th August Pope John Paul II published the Apostolic Letter Mulieris Dignitatem. It was a forward-looking document that, in the wake of the Second Vatican Council, brought out in particular the role of women in the various spheres of social and family life, but above all in the context of the life of the Church itself. The document highlights in particular the dignity of women and their vocation, subjects of constant anthropological, human and Christian reflection in a period of great social transformation.

1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall, 9th November

The Berlin Wall, that was 156 km long, for 28 years had been the symbol and at the same time the result of a historical division, of a war that was blocked, indeed a “cold” war. That evening “the last revolution in the heart of Europe” began. It was not only a political revolution but above all a human revolution.

1990, the Gulf War

On 2nd August the Gulf War began (1990-1991). Iraqi troops under orders from Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. It was the first war to be broadcast live on television.

1991, the birth of the internet

In 1991 the birth of the World Wide Web was announced, a system that allows people to “browse” on a computer and take advantage of a huge range of contents linked together. The Internet was born.

1992, satellite television

In 1992, digital satellite television began, and was spread in Italy. Television viewing was enriched with the broadcast of film previews and the matches in the Italian A and B League championships.

1992, Rio Conference

The Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3rd to 14th June 1992, was the first worldwide conference of heads of state on the environment. 172 governments and 108 heads of state or government participated. 2,400 representatives of non-governmental organisations and over 17,000 people joined the NGO Forum (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development).

1992, Capaci massacre

On May 23rd, 1992, the Mafia killed Judge Giovanni Falcone, his wife and three agents of the escort while they were travelling along the A29 motorway near Capaci, in Sicily. Falcone, along with Paolo Borsellino, also killed by the Mafia a few months later, is one of the judges who most symbolised the fight against organized crime in Italy.

1993, The Oslo Accords between Palestinians and Israelis

On 13th September, the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), Yasser Arafat, and Shimon Peres, Israel’s Foreign Minister, initialled the conclusion of the Oslo negotiations. In view of the resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the PLO recognised the right of the State of Israel to exist in peace and security and renounced terrorism, while Israel recognized the PLO.

1996, Dolly is born

On 5th July Dolly was born. She was the first living being born due to science and human ingenuity. Dolly the sheep entered history, as well as biology treatises, as the first mammal successfully created through cloning.

1999, 6 billion people

In 1999, the number of people in the world exceeded 6 billion. While in 1990 there were 10 megalopolises in the world, today there are 33. Currently, one in eight of the world’s inhabitants live in one of these mega cities. The phenomenon of “metropolitanization” identifies the processes and dynamics in the progressive abandonment of rural areas and in massive urbanisation of land areas, linked to globalisation.

2001, The Twin Towers

On 11th September 2001, 4 planes were hijacked by al-Qaeda terrorists. Two were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York; one was crashed into the Pentagon in Washington and the fourth crashed southeast of Pittsburgh. It was a event that marked the new millennium and opened a phase of significant geopolitical destabilization that continues to the present day.

2003, child labour

On 11th June, the UN released a dossier on child labour: 246 million children were engaged in forced labour in the world, of which 73 million were under ten years of age.

2006, Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Peace Prize winner

On 13th October, Bengali economist and banker Muhammad Yunus received the Nobel Peace Prize. He is the inventor and pioneer modern microcredit, a system of small loans for entrepreneurs who are too poor to obtain credit from traditional banking systems.

2008, European Year of inter-cultural dialogue

On December 18th 2006, the European Parliament and the European Council declared 2008 as the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue. Europe aimed to make society aware of the issues of active citizenship and the diversity of cultural heritage.

Chiara Lubich was a frontline witness of these times. Whenever she told her story, she always went back to the early days of her experience in Trent, anchoring herself to a vital root without which it is difficult to understand the flowering of her work. “At a certain moment – Chiara confided to some young people – the Lord made me understand that the love we had in our hearts urged us to do the most varied and different things, which however were
all expressions of love.”

Just as light passing through a prism is refracted into the seven colours of the rainbow, so too, thought preceded by life is incarnated and opens up into new perspectives. The ideal light, the white light that burst into Chiara’s life, enables understanding, illuminates and initiates new processes with respect to what current affairs and history present. The economic sphere, relationships, the religious and civil sphere, art, nature, culture and communications become renewed worlds in which to dwell and to travel. Almost like fragments of a single design, they contribute to the fulfilment of those words for which Chiara felt she was born: “That they may all be one” (Jn 17:21).

The culture of giving

“Let’s do what plants do. They absorb from the earth only the water, nutrients and other things they need, and not more. So each of us must have what we need and everything else should be given away and shared with others.” (Chiara Lubich)

.منطقة الحيّ الشمالي في ساو باولو

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Types of companies in the world (2013 data)

Find out where the profits shared in 2018 by the businesses participating in the Economy of Communion project have been used

Emergencies (health, food, education, housing)

Integral development projects and production activities

Education

Entrepreneurial poles and eoc structures

Research, communication and administration

Eoc-inn and new business development

Distribution of businesses in the world (2013 data)

Italy

Rest of Europe

Latin America

Africa

North America

Asia

Young people, present and future

“I felt such harmony with the young people that I was amazed, so much so that I said: “Those who will truly fulfil Jesus’ dream “that all may be one”, which has been put in my heart, will be the young people”. I then took the flag from the hands of the adults and passed it on to the young people.” (Chiara Lubich)

تسليم الميداليات للدجِن (الجيل الجديد)، 1968.
CSC Audiovisivi ©

تسليم الميداليات للدجِن (الجيل الجديد)، 1968.
CSC Audiovisivi ©

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Handing the trophy to the Gen boys, 1969.
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One family of brothers and sisters

“To love our brothers and sisters individually and collectively: to love our neighbours
one by one and to show the utmost respect for each nation and people. This creates
a radical change of mentality, a whole new way of life.” (Chiara Lubich)

فونجوميتاو (الكاميرون)، 11 آيار 2000.
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لندن 1977، كيارا تُلقي كلمتها بمناسبة منحها جائزة تمبلتون.
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The golden thread among beings

“Whoever is near me has been created as a gift for me and I have been created as a gift for those near me. On earth everything is in a relationship of love with everything else: each thing with each thing. But we need to live Love in order to find the golden thread among beings.” (Chiara Lubich)

.1982 في حديقة بالّارات في استراليا، كانون الثاني
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.1967 مع جيسيلّا كالياري (جيس) وجوليا فولوناري (ايلي) في بحيرة سيلسي في سويسرا عام
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.2001 جولة في الغابة. سويسرا، آب
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“Today I understood that these holidays must really be holidays.
To organise the days by filling them with what is good for one’s health. Taking special care of the practices of piety and doing them better; then going for walks, doing some exercises, rowing on the lake, if there is one, playing games outdoors and then tabletop games in the evening; reading some well-chosen books; watching some good quality and relaxing documentaries or films. Doing everything in an orderly way, with plenty of sleep and without fixed schedules; having daily rests if need be and eating well. All because God asks us to take good care of our body for as long as he wants, ready to offer it when he calls us!” (Chiara Lubich)

Art as a gift

“It is the human soul, a reflection of heaven, that artists infuse into their work, and in this “creation”, fruit of their genius, artists find a second immortality: the first is in themselves, as for every other human being born on this earth; the second is in their work, through which, in the course of time, they give themselves to humanity.” (Chiara Lubich)

“I was 20 when I met Chiara. That meeting changed my life. At first I thought that in order to follow Chiara, to put her thought into practice, I would have to give up dancing, which had been my whole life until then. Quite the opposite, I realised I could follow her and
still dance. Chiara Lubich was convinced that all jobs are missions.
In the 1950s, Chiara was in love with art and beauty in all its forms: she said that artists are very close to the saints because they have the ability to convey the human soul. And the soul is the same for everyone.” (Liliana Cosi)

(كيارا مع ليليانا كوزي (راقصة باليه) وتريز هيندرسون (ملحّنة ومغنّية
.خلال التحضير للمؤتمر المريمي في كاستل غاندولفو، 27 نيسان 2003
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Culture and wisdom

“And even if you learn about other subjects, like philosophy, theology, economics, natural science, medicine, politics, etc., all of them cannot fail to be imbued with wisdom.”
(Chiara Lubich)

6. منح شهادة الدكتوراة الفخرية في الفلسفة – جامعة القديس يوحنا دي لاسال في مدينة المكسيك (6 حزيران 1997).

5. Gown from the November 10th 2000 conferral of the Honorary Doctorate in Pedagogy – American Catholic University of Washington.

7. منح شهادة الدكتوراة الفخرية في الحياة المكرّسة – معهد كلاريتيانوم، جامعة اللاتيران الحبرية (روما، تشرين الأول 2004).

8. منح شهادة الدكتوراة الفخرية في الاقتصاد – جامعة بيرنامبوكو الكاثوليكية (ريسيفي، البرازيل، 11 آيار 1998).

1. منح شهادة الدكتوراة الفخرية في الاتصالات الاجتماعية – جامعة القديس يوحنا في بانكوك (تايلاند، 5 كانون الثاني 1997).

2. منح شهادة الدكتوراة الفخرية في الاقتصاد – جامعة القلب الأقدس الكاثوليكية في ميلانو، المقر الجامعي في بياشينزا (29 كانون الثاني 1999).

3. Gown from the June 19th 1996 conferral of the Honorary Doctorate in Social Sciences – Catholic University of Lublin, Poland.

4. منح شهادة الدكتوراة الفخرية في اللاهوت المقدّس – جامعة فو جين في تايبيه، تايوان (25 كانون الثاني 1997).

كيارا تستقبل في غرفة الجلوس في منزلها اللجنة التوجيهية للمعهد الجامعي صوفيا (مقرّه في لوبيانو) وتستمع إلى قراءة للمرسوم البابوي بقرار تأسيسها. روكّا دي بابا، 7 كانون الأول 2007
© CSC Audiovisivi

Communicating life

“Above all, we want everything to keep on flourishing from life, even though we are ever more convinced that the communications media are made especially for us, given their vocation to the unity of peoples. What is important, however, is that we all leave here with the shared determination to use the media for what they should be: tools for achieving a more united world.” (Chiara Lubich)

Autograph manuscript: first draft of the spiritual thought for the telephone conference call held by Chiara on 13th September 1990 from Mollens.
CHIARA LUBICH ®

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